Professor Özlem Onaran

Associate Head of the School of Accounting, Finance & Economics - Research & Knowledge Exchange, Co-director of PEGFA

Key details

Professor Özlem Onaran

Professor Özlem Onaran

Associate Head of the School of Accounting, Finance & Economics - Research & Knowledge Exchange, Co-director of PEGFA


Biography

Özlem Onaran is Professor of Economics at the University of Greenwich. She is the director of the Greenwich Political Economy Research Centre and Co-Director of the Institute of Political Economy, Governance, Finance and Accountability. She has done extensive research on issues of inequality, wage-led growth, employment, globalization, gender, and crises. She has directed research projects for Rebuilding Macroeconomics/ESRCthe International Labour Organisation, UNCTAD, ITUC, the Institute for New Economic Thinking, the Foundation of European Progressive Studies, the Vienna Chamber of Labour, the Austrian Science Foundation, and Unions21. She is member of the Scientific Committee of the Foundation of European Progressive Studies, Scientific Advisory Board of Hans Boeckler Foundation, and the Policy Advisory Group of the Women's Budget Group. She has more than seventy articles in books and peer reviewed journals such as Cambridge Journal of Economics, World Development, Feminist Economics, Environment and Planning A, Public Choice, Economic Inquiry, European Journal of Industrial Relations, International Review of Applied Economics, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Eastern European Economics, and Review of Political Economy.

Before joining the University of Greenwich in 2012, Özlem has worked at several universities including the University of Westminster, the University of Applied Sciences-Berlin, Vienna University of Economics and Business, and Istanbul Technical University.

Responsibilities within the university

Teaching and administrative activities

  • Director of Greenwich Political Economy Research Centre
  • Co-Director of the Institute of Political Economy, Governance, Finance and Accountability
  • International Macroeconomics, MSc Business and Financial Economics, Course Leader
  • Dissertations Workshop, MSc Business and Financial Economics
  • Labour Economics, BSc Economics, Course Leader
  • MPhil/PhD supervision

MPhil/PhD supervision

  • 1st Supervisor, Ben Tippet, "Causes and consequences of wealth concentration", 2019-, University of Greenwich
  • 1st Supervisor,  Stephanie Manea, "The impact of fiscal policy, income and wealth distribution, and financilisation on growth", 2018-, University of Greenwich
  • 1st Supervisor,  Sherko Sueily, "The impact of trade on job losses, wages and inequality in UK manufacturing" 2016-, University of Greenwich
  • 1st Supervisor, Thomas Obst, The interaction of income distribution, aggregate demand and economic growth in the context of European imbalances, 2013-2016, University of Greenwich
  • 1st Supervisor, Shanaz Sumra, Prospects for growth with equality in sub-Saharan Africa in the age of globalization, 2013-2016, University of Greenwich
  • 1st Supervisor, Daniele Tori, The Effects of Financialisation on Growth and Distribution, 2013-2016, University of Greenwich
  • 1st Supervisor, Evrydiki Fotopoulou, The role of gender equality in sustainable development strategy, 2014-2018, University of Greenwich
  • 1st Supervisor, Alexander Guschanski, "The causes of falling wage share and prospects for growth with equality in a globalized economy" 2015-2018, University of Greenwich
  • 2nd supervisor, (with Dr. Hawkes), Sridevi Yerrabati, "FDI and Corporate Governance in Middle Income Countries", 2012-2014, University of Greenwich
  • 3rd supervisor, (with Professor Greer), Maria Mantynen, "Reining in the European Welfare State – the Case of Finland", 2013-, University of Greenwich

Awards

  • Excellence in Research Award, University of Greenwich, Faculty of Business, 2015
  • October 2005 Dr. Heinz-Kienzl Prize, Austrian National Bank (€20000)
  • May 2004 Young Economist Award, Austrian Economic Association (€700)
  • May 2004 Academy of Science of Turkey, Young Scientist Award (€1500)
  • Feb–Dec 2000 Post-Doctoral Research Grant, Istanbul Technical University ($12000)

Recognition

  • Invited by Nobel Laureate Prof. Stiglitz to the Taskforce on Employment and presented their joint research withDr. Cem Oyvat  at the meeting on Employment Prospects in Developing Countries: Implications of Technological and Demographic Trends at the Columbia University in New York on 12-13 January 2023.
  • Invited to the advisory board of the Citizens' Economic Council on the cost of living
  • Invited to give evidence to the public inquiry on Quantitative Easing by the House of Lords Economics Affairs Committee, 9 February 2021
  • Council Member, Progressive Economy Forum, 2022
  • Member of the Scientific Committee of the Foundation of European Progressive Studies
  • Member of the Debt Truth Committee of the Hellenic Parliament
  • Associate editor, Competition and Change
  • Member of the Editorial Board, European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies
  • Member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Hans Boeckler Foundation, 2014-
  • Member of the Policy Advisory Group of the Women's Budget Group, UK, December 2013-
  • Member of the Coordinating Committee of the Research Network Macroeconomics and Macroeconomic Policies, 2009-present
  • Member of the Organizing Committee of the Post-Keynesian Study Group, 2012-
  • Research Associate of the Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts, 2007-present
  • Fellow of the Global Labour University, 2010-present
  • Research Fellow of the Economic Research Forum for Arab Countries, Iran and Turkey, 2011-present
  • Member of Economists for Rational Economic Policies (EREP)

Research / Scholarly interests

Özlem Onaran's research areas include globalization, crisis, income distribution, wage-led growth, employment, investment, development, and gender. Özlem's research has recently focused on five issues:

(1) the interaction of income distribution, demand, and growth,

(2) financial crises and distributional consequences,

(3) the effects of international trade and foreign direct investment on wages, employment, and investment,

(4) the gender effects of international trade and economic crisis,

(5) the effects of globalisation on the welfare states.

Özlem has articles in books and journals such as Cambridge Journal of Economics, World Development, Environment and Planning A, Public Choice, Economic Inquiry, European Journal of Industrial Relations, International Review of Applied Economics, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Review of Political Economy, and Eastern European Economics.

Özlem's research has been funded by the International Labour Office, Institute for New Economic Thinking, Foundation of European Progressive Studies, Austrian Science Fund, Austrian National Bank, Vienna Chamber of Labour, Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Economic Research Forum for Arab Countries, Iran and Turkey, and the Academy of Science of Turkey.

Recent projects

A recent blog piece and an interview on the report "Planet Earth is Wage-Led:declining wage shares and growth".

  • "Özlem's Project on "Working for the economy: the economic case for trade unions", for Union21 together with NEF

Media activity

  • Interview at BBC World 28 June 2015 1pm News
  • Professor Özlem Onaran has been invited by the President of the Hellenic Parliament, Zoe Konstantopoulou, to join the Debt Truth Committee, which has been recently set up as a special committee of the Parliament. Here is a piece Ozlem has written for Social Europe on the Greek Debt Truth Committee and the video of her talk at the Hellenic Parliament.
  • The press conference to which Ozlem Onaran has participated at the Hellenic Parliament (in Greek)
  • Ozlem Onaran's speech at the launch of the report of the Truth Committee on Public Debt on 18 June 2015 (in Greek)
  • Ozlem Onaran talk at Rethinking Economics, "Must we pay our debts?" 28 June 2015
  • Telesur 29 June 2015
  • Radio Popolare (in Italian) 2 July 2015
  • Cumhuriyet, 12 July 2015 (in Turkish)
  • Özlem has talked to Share Radio on the Greek Debt Crisis
  • Ozlem Onaran's recent article on the report of the Truth Committee on Public Debt in Greece

Recent publications

Article

Onaran, Özlem , Oyvat, Cem, Fotopoulou, Eurydice (2023), Can wealth taxation fund public investment in a caring and sustainable economy? The case of the UK. Oxford University Press - Cambridge Political Economy Society. In: , , , . Oxford University Press - Cambridge Political Economy Society, Cambridge Journal of Economics: bead026 ISSN: 0309-166X (Print), 1464-3545 (Online) (doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bead026) NB Item availability restricted.

Onaran, Özlem and , Oyvat, Cem (2023), Synthesizing feminist and post-Keynesian/Kaleckian economics for a purple–green–red transition*. Edward Elgar Publishing. In: , , , . Edward Elgar Publishing, European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention ISSN: 2052-7764 (Print), 2052-7772 (Online) (doi: https://doi.org/10.4337/ejeep.2023.0117).

Guschanski, Alexander and , Onaran, Özlem (2023), The effect of global value chain participation on the labour share: industry level evidence from emerging economies. Wiley. In: , , , . Wiley, Development and Change, 54 (1) . pp. 31-63 ISSN: 0012-155X (Print), 1467-7660 (Online) (doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12749).

Tippet, Benjamin , Onaran, Özlem, Wildauer, Rafael (2022), The effect of labour's bargaining power on wealth inequality in the UK, the USA, and France. Wiley. In: , , , . Wiley, The Review of Income and Wealth ISSN: 0034-6586 (Print), 1475-4991 (Online) (doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12626).

Tori, Daniele and , Onaran, Özlem (2022), Financialisation and firm-level investment in developing and emerging economies. Oxford University Press. In: , , , . Oxford University Press, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 46 (4) . pp. 891-919 ISSN: 0309-166X (Print), 1464-3545 (Online) (doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/beac030).

Oyvat, Cem and , Onaran, Özlem (2022), The effects of social infrastructure and gender equality on output and employment: the case of South Korea. Elsevier. In: , , , . Elsevier, World Development, 158: 105987 ISSN: 0305-750X (Print), (doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105987) NB Item availability restricted.

Onaran, Özlem and , (2022), A green purple red new deal: rebuilding an economy for all in the aftermath of the pandemic. Banco Central de la República Argentina. In: , , , . Banco Central de la República Argentina, Ensayos Económicos, 79 . pp. 119-130 1850-6046 (Online) (doi: https://www.bcra.gob.ar/PublicacionesEstadisticas/Resumen_ensayos.asp?id=1587).

Onaran, Özlem , Oyvat, Cem, Fotopoulou, Eurydice (2022), A macroeconomic analysis of the effects of gender inequality, wages, and public social infrastructure: the case of the UK. Taylor & Francis. In: , , , . Taylor & Francis, Feminist Economics, 28 (2) . pp. 152-188 ISSN: 1354-5701 (Print), 1466-4372 (Online) (doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2044498).

Onaran, Özlem , Oyvat, Cem, Fotopoulou, Eurydice (2022), Gendering macroeconomic analysis and development policy: a theoretical model. Taylor & Francis. In: , , , . Taylor & Francis, Feminist Economics, 28 (3) . pp. 23-55 ISSN: 1354-5701 (Print), 1466-4372 (Online) (doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2033294).

Oyvat, Cem and , Onaran, Özlem (2021), Tax wealth and profit income to fund social care and healthcare. The Women’s Budget Group. In: , , , . The Women’s Budget Group, Women’s Budget Group: For a gender equal future (doi: https://wbg.org.uk/blog/tax-wealth-and-profit-income-to-fund-social-care-and-healthcare/).

Onaran, Özlem , Oyvat, Cem, Fotopoulou, Eurydice (2021), A new social contract for the UK post-COVID-19. London School of Economics (LSE). In: , , , . London School of Economics (LSE), LSE Blog (doi: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/businessreview/2021/05/13/a-new-social-contract-for-the-uk-post-covid-19/).

Onaran, Özlem , Oyvat, Cem, Fotopoulou, Eurydice (2021), A purple, green and red new deal for equitable sustainable development in the UK. The Women’s Budget Group. In: , , , . The Women’s Budget Group, Women’s Budget Group: For a gender equal future (doi: https://wbg.org.uk/analysis/a-purple-green-and-red-new-deal-for-equitable-sustainable-development-in-the-uk/).

Onaran, Özlem , Oyvat, Cem, Fotopoulou, Eurydice (2021), Equitable sustainable development in the UK: a purple green red new deal. The Royal Economic Society. In: , , , . The Royal Economic Society, Royal Economic Society (doi: https://www.res.org.uk/resources-page/equitable-sustainable-development-in-the-uk-a-purple-green-red-new-deal.html).

Guschanski, Alexander and , Onaran, Özlem (2021), The decline in the wage share: falling bargaining power of labour or technological progress? Industry-level evidence from the OECD. Oxford University Press (OUP). In: , , , . Oxford University Press (OUP), Socio-Economic Review ISSN: 1475-1461 (Print), 1475-147X (Online) (doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwaa031).

Obst, Thomas , Onaran, Özlem, Nikolaidi, Maria (2020), The effects of income distribution and fiscal policy on aggregate demand, investment and the budget balance: the case of Europe. Oxford University Press. In: , , , . Oxford University Press, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 44 (6) . pp. 1221-1243 ISSN: 0309-166X (Print), 1464-3545 (Online) (doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bez045).

Onaran, Özlem and , (2019), Equality-led development and the demand and supply side effects. Wiley. In: , , , . Wiley, Development and Change, 50 (2) . pp. 445-457 ISSN: 0012-155X (Print), 1467-7660 (Online) (doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12488) NB Item availability restricted.

Moore, Sian , Onaran, Özlem, Guschanski, Alexander, Antunes, Bethania , Symon, Graham (2019), The resilience of collective bargaining – a renewed logic for joint regulation?. Emerald. In: , , , . Emerald, Employee Relations, 41 (2) . pp. 279-295 ISSN: 0142-5455 (Print), (doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-09-2018-0256) NB Item availability restricted.

Tori, Daniele and , Onaran, Özlem (2018), Financialisation, financial development, and investment: evidence from European non-financial corporations. Oxford University Press (OUP). In: , , , . Oxford University Press (OUP), Socio-Economic Review, 18 (3) . pp. 681-718 ISSN: 1475-1461 (Print), 1475-147X (Online) (doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwy044).

Onaran, Özlem and , (2018), A European system of minimum wages for equality-led development. In: , , , . , The Progressive Post (doi: https://progressivepost.eu/opportunities-reforming-eu-common-security-defence-2/).

Guschanski, Alexander and , Onaran, Özlem (2018), Determinants of the wage share: A cross-country comparison using sectoral data. Ifo Institute for Economic Research e.V.. In: , , , . Ifo Institute for Economic Research e.V., CESifo Forum, 19 (2) . pp. 44-54 ISSN: 1615-245X (Print), (doi: https://www.ifo.de/w/mjCLd44C).

Onaran, Özlem and , Guschanski, Alexander (2018), Reverting Inequality: a win-win for people and economic performance. Fabian Society. In: , , , . Fabian Society, Raising the Bar . pp. 45-54 (doi: https://fabians.org.uk/publication/raising-the-bar/).

Tori, Daniele and , Onaran, Özlem (2018), The effects of financialization on investment: evidence from firm-level data for the UK. Oxford University Press. In: , , , . Oxford University Press, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 42 (5) . pp. 1393-1416 ISSN: 0309-166X (Print), 1464-3545 (Online) (doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bex085) NB Item availability restricted.

Umney, Charles , Greer, Ian, Onaran, Özlem, Symon, Graham (2017), The state and class discipline: European labour market policy after the financial crisis. SAGE Publications. In: , , , . SAGE Publications, Capital and Class, 42 (2) . pp. 333-351 ISSN: 0309-8168 (Print), 2041-0980 (Online) (doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309816817738318) NB Item availability restricted.

Onaran, Özlem and , Guschanski, Alexander (2017), Capital lessons: labour, inequality and how to respond. Wiley. In: , , , . Wiley, IPPR Progressive Review, 24 (2) . pp. 152-162 ISSN: 2573-2323 (Print), 2573-2331 (Online) (doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/newe.12052) NB Item availability restricted.

Goda, Thomas , Onaran, Özlem, Stockhammer, Engelbert (2016), Income inequality and wealth concentration in the recent crisis. Wiley-Blackwell. In: , , , . Wiley-Blackwell, Development and Change, 48 (1) . pp. 3-27 ISSN: 0012-155X (Print), 1467-7660 (Online) (doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12280) NB Item availability restricted.

Guschanski, Alexander and , Onaran, Özlem (2016), Why did the wage share fall? Industry level evidence from Austria. In: , , , . , Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, 42 (4) . pp. 557-589 ISSN: 0378-5130 (Print), (doi: https://wug.akwien.at/WUG_Archiv/2016_42_4/2016_42_4_0557.pdf).

Onaran, Özlem and , (2016), Wage- versus profit-led growth in the context of globalization and public spending: the political aspects of wage-led recovery. Edward Elgar Publishing. In: , , , . Edward Elgar Publishing, Review of Keynesian Economics, 4 (4) . pp. 458-474 ISSN: 2049-5323 (Print), 2049-5331 (Online) (doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/roke.2016.04.07).

Onaran, Özlem and , (2016), Secular stagnation and progressive economic policy alternatives. Edward Elgar Publishing. In: , , , . Edward Elgar Publishing, European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies, 13 (2) . pp. 229-240 ISSN: 2052-7764 (Print), 2052-7772 (Online) (doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/ejeep.2016.02.07).

Onaran, Özlem and , Obst, Thomas (2016), Wage-led growth in the EU15 member states: the effects of income distribution on growth, investment, trade balance, and inflation. Oxford University Press. In: , , , . Oxford University Press, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 40 (6) . pp. 1517-1551 ISSN: 0309-166X (Print), 1464-3545 (Online) (doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bew009) NB Item availability restricted.

Book section

Guschanski, Alexander and , Onaran, Özlem (2020), El papel de los sindicatos en la lucha contra la desigualidad de ingresos (the role of unions in income inequality). Catarata. In: , , In: Bruno Estrada López, Gabriel Flores (eds.), Repensar la economía desde la democracia. Catarata, Madrid , 1 (1) . pp. 91-102 . ISBN: 9788490979259 (doi: https://www.catarata.org/libro/repensar-la-economia-desde-la-democracia_105507/) NB Item availability restricted.

Onaran, Özlem and , (2018), Public investment in social infrastructure for a caring, sustainable and productive economy. Verso. In: , , In: John McDonnell (ed.), Economics for the Many. Verso, . ISBN: 9781788732239 (doi: https://www.versobooks.com/books/2881-economics-for-the-many).

Onaran, Özlem and , (2017), The role of gender equality in an equality-led sustainable development strategy. Routledge. In: , , In: Hanni Bargawi, Giovanni Cozzi, Susan Himmelweit (eds.), Economics and austerity in Europe: gendered impacts and sustainable alternatives. Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon . ISBN: 9781138646070 (doi: ).

Onaran, Özlem and , Oyvat, Cem (2016), The political economy of inequality and boom-bust cycles in Turkey: before and after the great recession. Palgrave Macmillan UK. In: , , In: Philip Arestis, Malcolm Sawyer (eds.), Emerging Economies during and after the Great Recession. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, UK , 12 (1st) . pp. 270-309 . ISBN: 9781137485540 (doi: ).

Monograph

Onaran, Özlem and , Oyvat, Cem (2023), The employment effects of public spending in infrastructure, the care economy and the green economy: the case of emerging economies. International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC). In: , , , . International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), Brussels, Belgium (1st) (doi: https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/public_spending_infrastructure_en.pdf).

Onaran, Özlem and , Calvert Jump, Robert (2022), A shorter working week as part of a green caring economy: feminist green new deal policy paper. Wen (Women’s Environmental Network)- Women’s Budget Group (WBG). In: , , , . Wen (Women’s Environmental Network)- Women’s Budget Group (WBG), London (1st) (doi: https://wbg.org.uk/fgnd-blog/shorter-working-week/).

Other

Onaran, Özlem and , (2021), QEI0005 Quantitative Easing - Evidence to the public inquiry on quantitative easing by the House of Lords Economics Affairs committee. House of Lords Economics Affairs Committee. In: , , , . House of Lords Economics Affairs Committee, London (1st) (doi: https://committees.parliament.uk/work/993/quantitative-easing/publications/written-evidence/?SearchTerm=Onaran&DateFrom=&DateTo=&SessionId=).

Working paper

Onaran, Özlem and , Oyvat, Cem (2023), The effects of public spending in the green and the care economy: the case of South Korea. IPEFGA - Greenwich Papers in Political Economy. In: , , , . IPEFGA - Greenwich Papers in Political Economy, University of Greenwich, London (doi: ) NB Item availability restricted.

Onaran, Özlem and , (2023), The political economy of the cost of living crisis in the UK: what is to be done?. IPEFGA - Greenwich Papers in Political Economy. In: , , , . IPEFGA - Greenwich Papers in Political Economy, University of Greenwich, London (doi: ).

Tippet, Benjamin , Wildauer, Rafael, Onaran, Özlem (2021), The case for a progressive annual wealth tax in the UK. In: , , , . , (doi: ).

Tippet, Benjamin , Onaran, Özlem, Wildauer, Rafael (2021), The determinants of wealth inequality in the UK, USA and France. University of Greenwich Business School. In: , , , . University of Greenwich Business School, London (doi: ).

Onaran, Özlem , Oyvat, Cem, Fotopoulou, Eurydice (2019), The effects of gender inequality, wages, wealth concentration and fiscal policy on macroeconomic performance. University of Greenwich Business School. In: , , , . University of Greenwich Business School, London (doi: https://www.gre.ac.uk/business/research/centres/gperc/pubreports/greenwich-papers-in-political-economy).

Onaran, Özlem , Oyvat, Cem, Fotopoulou, Eurydice (2019), A policy mix for equitable sustainable development in the UK: the effects of gender equality, wages, wealth concentration and fiscal policy. University of Greenwich Business School. In: , , , . University of Greenwich Business School, London (doi: https://www.gre.ac.uk/business/research/centres/gperc/pubreports/gperc-policy-briefs).

Botta, Alberto , Tippet, Ben, Onaran, Özlem (2018), Divergence between the core and the periphery and secular stagnation in the Eurozone. University of Greenwich Business School. In: , , , . University of Greenwich Business School, London (doi: http://www.gre.ac.uk/business/research/centres/gperc/pubreports/greenwich-papers-in-political-economy).

Guschanski, Alexander and , Onaran, Özlem (2018), The labour share and financialisation: Evidence from publicly listed firms. Business School. In: , , , . Business School, London (doi: http://www.gre.ac.uk/business/research/centres/gperc/pubreports/greenwich-papers-in-political-economy).

Onaran, Özlem and , Guschanski, Alexander (2018), What drives the four decades-long decline in labour’s share of income?. Business School. In: , , , . Business School, London (doi: http://www.gre.ac.uk/business/research/centres/gperc/pubreports/gperc-policy-briefs).

Onaran, Özlem and , Guschanski, Alexander (2018), The causes of falling wage share: sectoral and firm level evidence from developed and developing countries – what have we learned?. Business School. In: , , , . Business School, London (doi: http://www.gre.ac.uk/business/research/centres/gperc/pubreports/gperc-policy-briefs).

Tori, Daniele and , Onaran, Özlem (2017), Financialisation and Physical Investment: A global race to the bottom in accumulation?. United Nations. In: , , , . United Nations, (doi: http://unctad.org/en/pages/PublicationWebflyer.aspx?publicationid=1955) NB Item availability restricted.

Guschanski, Alexander and , Onaran, Özlem (2017), Why is the wage share falling in emerging economies? Industry level evidence. University of Greenwich Business School. In: , , , . University of Greenwich Business School, London (doi: http://www.gre.ac.uk/business/research/centres/gperc/pubreports/greenwich-papers-in-political-economy).

Guschanski, Alexander and , Onaran, Özlem (2017), The political economy of income distribution: industry level evidence from 14 OECD countries. University of Greenwich Business School. In: , , , . University of Greenwich Business School, London (doi: http://www.gre.ac.uk/business/research/centres/gperc/pubreports/greenwich-papers-in-political-economy).